Overview

What level of accuracy does the SAPROF-SO provide for predicting recidivism as compared to other, validated assessments?

Summary

The Structured Assessment of Protective Factors against Sexual Offending (SAPROF-SO)  is a 14-item instrument designed to evaluate protective factors across three core domains: Resilience, Adaptive Sexuality, and Prosocial Connection & Reward. The primary aims of the current study by Carr et al. (2025) were to build upon the initial validation of this instrument by: 

1. Establishing the SAPROF-SO’s ability to predict success on supervised release in a high-risk sample of civilly committed men in the United States. 

2. Examining its incremental predictive validity over and above the widely used Static-99R. 

3. Determining the specific predictive utility of the individual SAPROF-SO subscales. 

Method:  The study sample consisted of 170 adult males 

Reference

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Continue exploring Mitigation Aide for the information on mental health necessary to ensure your clients are treated fairly in the criminal justice system.

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Overview

CSAM Offending meta-analysis (2025) updates recidivism rates: low official reoffense, higher self-report, and key CSAM-only vs mixed differences.

Summary

Prediction of recidivism is a key component of most psychosexual evaluations and risk assessments. Given the lack of solid validated actuarial risk assessment measures for Child Sexual Abuse Materials (CSAM) offending, evaluators often rely on what the scientific data says about recidivism rates. The consensus thus far is that the recidivism rates for CSAM only offending is

Reference

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Continue exploring Mitigation Aide for the information on mental health necessary to ensure your clients are treated fairly in the criminal justice system.

The post CSAM Offending: A New Meta-Analysis first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

Overview

Does the Static-99R or the MnSOST-R accurately predict recidivism in individuals with Intellectual Disabilities or Borderline Intellectual Functioning?

Summary

Nearly 20% of all incarcerated offenders have been identified as having an intellectual disability (IDD) or borderline intellectual functioning (BIF). 

Despite this relatively high number of individuals with IDD who are incarcerated, there is limited research on the effectiveness of actuarial risk assessments on this population.

This study aimed to compare the predictive accuracy of the Static-99, Static -99R and the MnSOST-R for individuals

Reference

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Continue exploring Mitigation Aide for the information on mental health necessary to ensure your clients are treated fairly in the criminal justice system.

The post Intellectual Disabilities and Sexual Recidivism first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

Overview

There is a prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse Materials (CSAM) cases, and, at present, there is no fully validated risk assessment measure for these cases. In this study summary we’ll look at the Static-99R and CPORT for these purposes.

Summary

Courts are looking for a risk assessment and all an evaluator can truly provide is the goodness of fit of the client to the type of CSAM offenders known in the research literature and those estimates of recidivism.

CPORT is the only static risk measure specifically developed for use with these cases.

While it is a helpful tool, it continues to require validation studies and often, in the United States, evaluators are not provided all of the forensic materials necessary to use the full measure.

Therefore, studies assessing the usefulness of other risk assessment measures for CSAM cases can be helpful.

Details of the Static-99R CPORT Study

Reference

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Research on recidivism tools for women lags significantly behind that on men. Additionally, what little research there is on the risk assessment of women is often limited and does not specifically address mental health issues.

Summary

This study specifically looked at 525 German women who were admitted to a German Psychiatric Hospital at the request of the courts.

Reference

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The post Forensic Recidivism Tools for Women first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

Overview

With the CSAM cases continuing to proliferate, the question for evaluators remains: What risk assessment measures can you use for these cases without co-occuring contact offending behaviors? There is currently only one risk assessment tool specifically designed for CSAM. It has limited use due to some issues with psychometrics and validity in all populations.

Summary

Authors Helmus et. al, sought to address with their submitted for publication in January of 2024. They provided their manuscript to ATSA members. This study reviewed all of the research to date on the following measures and assessed them in reference to their predictive accuracy with CSAM cases. The measures studied were:

• CPORT
• Risk Matrix 2000/Sex
• OASys Sexual Reoffending Predictor – Indecent Images
• Static-99R
• STABLE-2007
• ACUTE- 2007
• Post Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA)
• Level of Service Inventory- Ontario Revision (LSI-OR)

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  Reference

  SOURCE RESEARCH

  What Risk Assessment Tools Can Be Used With Men Convicted of Child Sexual Exploitation Material Offenses? Recommendations From a Review of Current Research

  Helmus, L.M., Eke, A.W., Seto, M.C. (2024) What risk assessment tools can be used with men convicted of child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenses? Recommendations from a review of current research. Link

  DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000594

  Published: 2024
  Research type: Literature Review

  View original source →

  Related Research

  • Does the SAPROF-SO Predict Recidivism Risk?

    May 14, 2026

    What level of accuracy does the SAPROF-SO provide for predicting recidivism as compared to other, validated assessments? A look at a 170 sample study.

  • Intellectual Disabilities and Sexual Recidivism

    September 15, 2025

    Does the Static-99R or the MnSOST-R accurately predict recidivism in individuals with Intellectual Disabilities or Borderline Intellectual Functioning?

  • Comparing the Static-99R and CPORT

    February 18, 2025

    There is a prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse Materials cases and no fully validated risk assessment measure for these cases. Looking at the Static-99R and CPORT.

  More from this research collection →

  Forensic Services

  Need additional support with a sentencing mitigation report or another complex forensic case? Dr. Jennifer Weeks, an expert witness and forensic counselor, provides consultation and forensic services for attorneys and other professionals working with sexual-behavior cases.

  Explore Dr. Weeks’ forensic services →

  ---

  Continue exploring Mitigation Aide for the information on mental health necessary to ensure your clients are treated fairly in the criminal justice system.

  

  The post What Risk Assessment Tools Can You Use for CSEM Cases? first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]> https://mitigationaide.com/what-risk-assessment-tools-can-you-use-for-csem-cases/feed/ 0 https://mitigationaide.com/measuring-incestuous-sexual-interest-in-a-sample-of-fathers/ https://mitigationaide.com/measuring-incestuous-sexual-interest-in-a-sample-of-fathers/#respond Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://mitigationaide.com/?p=1554 A study to set a baseline for incestuous sexual offenders for evaluations and risk assessments using a community sample of fathers from North America.

  The post Measuring Incestuous Sexual Interest in a Sample of Fathers first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]>

  Overview

  A study to set a baseline for incestuous sexual offenders for psychosexual evaluations and risk assessments using a community sample of fathers from North America.

  Summary

  When conducting psychosexual evaluations and risk assessments, some measure of sexual interest is often used.

  Normally, either the Penile Plethysmograph (PPG) or the ABEL screen, which is a visual reaction time (VRT) measure of sexual interest, are used.

  Studies looking at VRT, particularly, in incest offenders are scarce. There are no known studies looking at sexual interest based on VRT in a community sample (non-offending) of fathers.

  Determining Incestuous Sexual Interest

  This 2022 study recruited 652 men from the United States and Canada to participate in an online study measuring:

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  Reference

  SOURCE RESEARCH

  Viewing Time Measures of Sexual Interest and Sexual Offending Propensity: An Online Survey of Fathers

  Pezzoli, P., Babchishin, K., Pullman, L., & Seto, M.C. (2022). Viewing Time Measures of Sexual Interest and Sexual Offending Propensity: An Online Survey of Fathers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51: 4097-4110

  Published: 2022
  Research type: Survey Study
  Jurisdiction: United States

  DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02324-5

  View original source →

  Related Research

  • Do Biological And Sociological Incest Offenders Differ?

    July 3, 2023

    Sexual abuse is often perpetrated by incest offenders, there is little research that specifically focuses on this type of offending.

  • What are the Risk Factors for Father Daughter Incest?

    December 13, 2022

    This study, with over 2000 participants, explores risk factors leading to this less researched form of childhood abuse, known as Father Daughter Incest or FDI.

  • Were Men with Paraphilic Infantilism Mistreated in Childhood?

    November 7, 2022

    Can childhood mistreatment lead to pedophilic behaviors? Is there correlation between adult baby/diaper lovers (Paraphilic Infantilism) and pedophilic desires?

  More from this research collection →

  Forensic Services

  Need additional support with a sentencing mitigation report or another complex forensic case? Dr. Jennifer Weeks, an expert witness and forensic counselor, provides consultation and forensic services for attorneys and other professionals working with sexual-behavior cases.

  Explore Dr. Weeks’ forensic services →

  The post Measuring Incestuous Sexual Interest in a Sample of Fathers first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]> https://mitigationaide.com/measuring-incestuous-sexual-interest-in-a-sample-of-fathers/feed/ 0 https://mitigationaide.com/should-the-cport-be-used-for-csam-risk-assessment/ https://mitigationaide.com/should-the-cport-be-used-for-csam-risk-assessment/#respond Mon, 07 Aug 2023 21:21:21 +0000 https://mitigationaide.com/?p=1528 Analysis of a meta-study trying to validate the forensic use of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) for actuarial CSAM risk assessment.

  The post Should the CPORT Be Used for CSAM Risk Assessment? first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]>

  Overview

  Analysis of a meta-study trying to validate the forensic use of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) for actuarial CSAM risk assessment.

  Summary

  Those in the field know the criminal justice system prefers to have an actuarial risk assessment measure to aide in decisions for sentencing, treatment needs, etc.

  There are long standing and validated risk assessment measures for contact sexual offenses. However, there are no validated risk assessment measures for non-contact, Child Sexual Abuse Materials (CSAM) offenders.

  CPORT and Risk Assessment

  The CPORT was created several years ago by Dr. Michael Seto and colleagues. However, this measure is not without its difficulties. The authors note in the manual that it should not be used as a risk assessment measure.

  Despite this statement, many evaluators are using the CPORT as a risk assessment tool.

  The Study

  An article published this year (2023)

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  Reference

  SOURCE RESEARCH

  Risk Assessment of Child-Pornography-Exclusive Offenders

  Scurich, N., & Krauss, D.A. (2023). Risk Assessment of Child-Pornography-Exclusive Offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 47(4); 499-509.

  Published: 2023
  Research type: Meta-Analysis / Validation Study

  DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000537

  View original source →

  Related Research

  • CSAM Offending: A New Meta-Analysis

    December 16, 2025

    CSAM Offending meta-analysis (2025) updates recidivism rates: low official reoffense, higher self-report, and key CSAM-only vs mixed differences.

  • Comparing the Static-99R and CPORT

    February 18, 2025

    There is a prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse Materials cases and no fully validated risk assessment measure for these cases. Looking at the Static-99R and CPORT.

  • What Risk Assessment Tools Can You Use for CSEM Cases?

    March 12, 2024

    CSAM cases continue to proliferate, the question remains: What risk assessment measures can be used for cases without co-occuring contact offending behaviors?

  More from this research collection →

  Forensic Services

  Need additional support with a sentencing mitigation report or another complex forensic case? Dr. Jennifer Weeks, an expert witness and forensic counselor, provides consultation and forensic services for attorneys and other professionals working with sexual-behavior cases.

  Explore Dr. Weeks’ forensic services →

  ---

  Continue exploring Mitigation Aide for the information on mental health necessary to ensure your clients are treated fairly in the criminal justice system.

  

  The post Should the CPORT Be Used for CSAM Risk Assessment? first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]> https://mitigationaide.com/should-the-cport-be-used-for-csam-risk-assessment/feed/ 0 https://mitigationaide.com/mixed-offenders-are-not-all-the-same/ https://mitigationaide.com/mixed-offenders-are-not-all-the-same/#respond Mon, 17 Jul 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://mitigationaide.com/?p=1470 It has been known for quite some time that there are two categories of CSAM offenders, internet-only and mixed offenders.

  The post Mixed Offenders are not all the Same first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]>

  Overview

  It has been known for quite some time that there are two categories of CSAM offenders, internet-only and mixed offenders.

  Summary

  CSAM offenders have no history of a contact sexual offense. Mixed offenders are, generally, defined as a CSAM offense with a historical or concurrent contact sexual offense. For years, mixed offenders were all lumped into one group and were not studied on their own to determine if they were a homogeneous group.

  The Study: Mixed Offenders

  In a study published in 2022, Babchishin, et. al., looked further into the issue. Specifically looking at whether or not the order in which a contact offense occurred in relation to the CSAM offense has any impact on the risk of recidivism.

  The original data sample for this study was comprised of 387 Canadian men.

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  Reference

  SOURCE RESEARCH

  Temporal Order of Sexual Offending is Risk-Relevant for Individuals with Child Sexual Exploitation Materials Offenses

  Babchishin, K. M., Lee, S. C., Eke, A. W., & Seto, M. C. (2022).

  Sexual Offending: Theory, Research and Prevention, 17

  DOI: 10.5964/sotrap.7229

  Published: 2022
  Jurisdiction: Canada

  View original source →

  Related Research

  • CSAM Offending: A New Meta-Analysis

    December 16, 2025

    CSAM Offending meta-analysis (2025) updates recidivism rates: low official reoffense, higher self-report, and key CSAM-only vs mixed differences.

  • Should the CPORT Be Used for CSAM Risk Assessment?

    August 7, 2023

    Analysis of a meta-study trying to validate the forensic use of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) for actuarial CSAM risk assessment.

  • Summary of the Report of the PA Task Force on Child Pornography

    February 23, 2023

    What are the findings of the multi-year, state government-funded report of the PA Task Force on Child Pornography? And what are its recommendations?

  More from this research collection →

  Forensic Services

  Need additional support with a sentencing mitigation report or another complex forensic case? Dr. Jennifer Weeks, an expert witness and forensic counselor, provides consultation and forensic services for attorneys and other professionals working with sexual-behavior cases.

  Explore Dr. Weeks’ forensic services →

  The post Mixed Offenders are not all the Same first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]> https://mitigationaide.com/mixed-offenders-are-not-all-the-same/feed/ 0 https://mitigationaide.com/can-ace-or-lsi-scores-predict-recidivism/ https://mitigationaide.com/can-ace-or-lsi-scores-predict-recidivism/#respond Wed, 07 Jun 2023 19:36:46 +0000 https://mitigationaide.com/?p=1435 Beyond the standard actuarial testing, can these other studies help predict recidivism? How do these scores affect treatment needs?

  The post Can ACE or LSI Scores Predict Recidivism? first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]>

  Overview

  Beyond the standard actuarial testing, can these other studies help predict recidivism? How do these scores affect treatment needs?

  Summary

  When we talk about recidivism, we are usually talking about actuarial measures such as the Static-99R or the Stable or Acute 2007. This research article assesses whether or not there are other measures that can predict recidivism.

  Predict Recidivism and Provide Trauma Informed Care

  As the field slowly moves toward trauma informed care, the authors studied the association between recidivism and scoring on the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale.

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  Reference

  SOURCE RESEARCH

  Predicting Recidivism Using Adverse Childhood Experiences & the Level of Service Inventory

  Heirigs, M.H., Tatman, A.W., Richey, T., Loudon, A., & Bell, H. (2020). Predicting Recidivism Using Adverse Childhood Experiences & the Level of Service Inventory. Justice Policy Journal, 17(1), 1-16.

  Published: 2020
  Research type: Validation Study

  Open original article →

  Related Research

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    Research on recidivism tools for women lags significantly behind that on men. Additionally, it is further limited by lack of research on mental health.

  • Can Trauma Informed Treatment Affect Recidivism?

    August 24, 2022

    Using the Adverse Childhood Experiences scale and 2 risk assessment measures to evaluate treatment completion and reduce recidivism with trauma informed care.

  • Adverse Childhood Experiences in Sexually Violent Persons

    February 9, 2022

    What are the most frequent ACE items endorsed by sexually violent persons and can they be used as predictors for recidivism?

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  Forensic Services

  Need additional support with a sentencing mitigation report or another complex forensic case? Dr. Jennifer Weeks, an expert witness and forensic counselor, provides consultation and forensic services for attorneys and other professionals working with sexual-behavior cases.

  Explore Dr. Weeks’ forensic services →

  The post Can ACE or LSI Scores Predict Recidivism? first appeared on Mitigation Aide.

  ]]> https://mitigationaide.com/can-ace-or-lsi-scores-predict-recidivism/feed/ 0